Guinea pigs are popular small pets known for their friendly personalities and endearing squeaks. While they are generally hardy animals, they are susceptible to certain health problems that require attentive care. Because guinea pigs often hide signs of illness, early detection and veterinary intervention are crucial. Below are some of the most common veterinary issues that affect guinea pigs.

Dental Problems

Guinea pigs have continuously growing teeth, making them prone to dental issues if their teeth are not naturally worn down. Overgrown teeth can lead to difficulty eating, pain, and infections. Signs of dental problems include:

• Drooling or wet fur around the mouth

• Loss of appetite or difficulty chewing

• Weight loss

• Swelling around the jaw

Providing unlimited hay, chew toys, and a balanced diet helps keep teeth properly worn down. Regular veterinary check-ups can catch dental problems before they become severe.

Respiratory Infections

Guinea pigs are prone to respiratory infections, often caused by bacteria such as Bordetella or Streptococcus. These infections can become serious if not treated promptly. Symptoms include:

• Sneezing and nasal discharge

• Labored breathing or wheezing

• Lethargy

• Loss of appetite

Keeping their habitat clean, free from drafts, and avoiding exposure to sick animals can help prevent respiratory infections. If symptoms arise, veterinary care is essential.

Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency)

Guinea pigs, unlike some other animals, cannot produce their own vitamin C and must obtain it from their diet. A deficiency can lead to scurvy, which causes:

• Weakness and lethargy

• Swollen joints or lameness

• Rough or thinning coat

• Loss of appetite

To prevent scurvy, guinea pigs need a daily supply of fresh vegetables rich in vitamin C (such as bell peppers and leafy greens) or a veterinarian-approved vitamin C supplement.

Urinary Tract Issues

Bladder stones, infections, and sludge buildup are common urinary problems in guinea pigs. These conditions can be painful and may require medical intervention. Symptoms include:

• Straining to urinate

• Blood in the urine

• Frequent urination

• Lethargy

Providing a well-balanced diet with controlled calcium intake and encouraging hydration can help reduce the risk of urinary issues.

Skin Conditions and Parasites

Guinea pigs can suffer from skin problems such as fungal infections (ringworm), mites, and lice. Symptoms of skin conditions include:

• Hair loss or bald patches

• Scratching or excessive grooming

• Scabs or flaky skin

Veterinary treatment with medicated shampoos or anti-parasitic medications is often required. Keeping their environment clean and stress-free helps prevent skin problems.

Gastrointestinal Issues

A healthy gut is essential for a guinea pig’s well-being. Any disruption to their digestive system can lead to serious problems such as bloat or diarrhea. Common causes include poor diet, stress, or infections. Symptoms include:

• Reduced appetite or refusal to eat

• Small or absent fecal pellets

• Swollen or painful abdomen

• Lethargy

A high-fiber diet, primarily consisting of hay, is crucial for digestive health. If a guinea pig stops eating, immediate veterinary attention is needed.

Conclusion

Guinea pigs are delightful pets, but they require attentive care and proper nutrition to prevent common health issues. By monitoring their diet, keeping their environment clean, and seeking veterinary care at the first sign of illness, owners can ensure their guinea pigs live long, happy lives. Regular check-ups with an exotic pet veterinarian can also help detect and manage health problems before they become severe.